Understanding Squirrel Behaviour: The Foundation of Effective Grey Squirrel Pest Control in the UK
Grey squirrels are a common presence in UK woodlands, parks, and residential gardens. While they may look harmless, understanding their behaviour is essential for delivering humane, legal, and effective pest control.
This in-depth guide looks at grey squirrel species, their behaviours, preferred habitats, and the behavioural characteristics that underpin compliant pest management approaches throughout the UK.
Understanding Squirrels: Species and Habitats
Squirrel Species Found in the UK
- Eastern Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis): A non-native, invasive species that has become widespread across the UK, significantly outcompeting the native red squirrel.
- Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris): A native species now considered endangered, mainly because of competition from grey squirrels and the diseases they carry.
- Other Species: Flying squirrels, prairie dogs, and other similar rodents are not naturally present in the UK.
Where Are Squirrels Found?
Grey squirrels thrive in locations that offer dependable food supplies and secure places to shelter, including:
- Deciduous woodlands and mixed forests
- Urban gardens, parks, rooftops, and loft spaces
- Tree canopies, chimneys, and lofts where they build nests known as dreys
Did you know?
Grey squirrels construct both permanent and temporary dreys, often positioning them high in tree forks or inside roof voids.
Important Behavioural Patterns
Daily Activity
Grey squirrels are diurnal, meaning they are active during daylight hours. Their daily routine generally consists of:
- Foraging early in the morning
- Resting around midday
- Storing food and returning to their nests during the late afternoon
Feeding and Food Storage
Grey squirrels are opportunistic feeders with a diet that includes:
- Nuts such as acorns and hazelnuts
- Seeds, bark, fruit, and fungi
- Occasionally insects and bird eggs
They preserve food by burying it underground or hiding it within tree hollows for retrieval during the winter.
Communication and Warning Signals
Squirrels communicate through:
- High-pitched alarm calls to alert others to potential predators
- Tail flicking to indicate aggression, caution, or awareness
“Squirrel alarm calls are more complex than previously thought. They can communicate urgency, type of threat, and even direction.” — Wildlife Online
Social and Breeding Behaviour
- Mostly solitary outside the breeding season
- Dominance rankings determine access to food and territory
- Females rear their young, known as kits or pups, without assistance, typically during spring and summer
Why Grey Squirrels Are Considered a Pest in the UK
| Impact Area | Description |
|---|---|
| Ecological | Outcompete native red squirrels for food and habitatTransmit squirrelpox virus, deadly to red squirrelsReduce woodland biodiversity and disrupt regeneration by stripping bark from trees, leading to tree death and loss of habitat for other species |
| Economic | Estimated annual cost of £37 million in England and Wales due to lost timber value, reduced carbon sequestration, and control measuresDamage to commercial forestry, orchards, and crops |
| Structural Damage | Chew through loft insulation, electrical wiring, timber, and property structuresAccess attics, roof spaces, and damage soffits and fascias |
| Garden & Agricultural Damage | Dig up bulbs and cormsSteal bird food and strip bark from ornamental and fruit treesDamage fruit and maize crops |
| Wildlife Impact | Prey on birds’ eggs and nestlings, impacting some woodland bird speciesCompete with other small mammals (e.g., hazel dormouse) for food resources |
| Noise & Nuisance | Create daytime noise in attics and roof spacesLeave droppings and nest |
Legal Requirements for Grey Squirrel Control
Grey squirrels are designated under the Invasive Alien Species (Enforcement and Permitting) Order 2019. In the UK:
- It is against the law to release a trapped grey squirrel back into the wild. Any grey squirrel that is captured must be humanely euthanised.
- Using a qualified pest control professional is strongly advised to ensure all work complies with legal requirements and animal welfare standards.
Source: BPCA: Grey Squirrel Control
Physical Characteristics and Adaptation to Urban Areas
Grey squirrels have a range of physical features that help them survive in both rural and urban environments:
- Powerful hind legs for leaping
- Sharp claws that aid climbing
- Continuously growing incisors for gnawing
- A long, bushy tail that assists with balance and provides insulation
Urban areas supply plentiful food and suitable nesting sites, making lofts, roof spaces, and bird feeders particularly appealing to grey squirrels.
Effective Squirrel Control Based on Behaviour
Why Understanding Behaviour Is Important
Managing grey squirrels successfully relies on knowing:
- When they are active: During daylight hours
- Where they nest: Elevated, sheltered locations such as trees and lofts
- What they eat and store: Nuts, seeds, and suet
Understanding these habits makes it easier to implement strategic, humane, and legally compliant control methods.
Prevention Tips
- Seal roof openings and soffits wider than 25mm
- Install metal mesh and suitable exclusion products
- Cut back overhanging tree branches
- Fit squirrel-resistant bird feeders
- Keep gardens clean to minimise food sources and shelter
DIY vs Professional Squirrel Control
| Method | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|
| DIY Deterrents | Lower costNon-lethal and low-risk for householdersEasy to implement (e.g., exclusion, deterrent sprays, squirrel-proof feeders) | Often ineffective for established infestationsMay not address root causes (entry points, food sources)Does not resolve legal obligations for humane controlCannot legally trap and release grey squirrels (illegal under UK law) |
| Professional Pest Control | Ensures compliance with UK laws and humane dispatch requirementsBPCA or RSPH qualified techniciansEffective long-term solutions and prevention adviceRisk assessment and safe use of approved methods | Higher upfront costRequires scheduling and property access |
“Without addressing entry points and behaviour, squirrel control is a losing battle.” — BPCA Certified Technician
Squirrel Facts: Commonly Asked Questions
How long do grey squirrels live?
Most wild grey squirrels live 2–4 years, though they can reach 10–12 years in ideal conditions.
Can squirrels swim?
Yes, grey squirrels can swim, using their tails for steering, though they generally avoid water.
What are baby squirrels called?
They are known as “kits” or “pups.”
Are squirrels nocturnal?
No, grey squirrels are diurnal and active during the day.
What is a group of squirrels called?
A group is called a “scurry” or “dray.”
How do I know if I have squirrels in my loft?
Look for gnawed timbers, rodent droppings, and daytime scratching noises.
Can I remove a squirrel myself in the UK?
You must comply with UK law: it is illegal to release a captured grey squirrel. Humane dispatch is required, and professional help is strongly advised.
What’s the best deterrent for garden squirrels?
Use capsaicin-based sprays, ultrasonic repellents, and squirrel-proof feeders.
Summary and Final Thoughts
Having a good understanding of grey squirrel behaviour is fundamental to carrying out pest control that is legal, humane, and effective throughout the UK. Recognising their daily activity patterns, social habits, and adaptability enables you to make informed choices that help protect your property, garden, and native wildlife.
For expert, legally compliant squirrel control, contact Apex Pest Control in South Yorkshire to arrange assistance from a BPCA-certified and NPTA-registered pest control professional.
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